SEPTEMBER WAS ROMA LIBERATION MONTH!!

The most famous Italian actress was born on September 20, 1934, during the misrule of the "Sawdust Caesar" Benito Mussolini double!!

Actress Sophia Loren (b. September 20, 1934).

Sophia Loren was one the brightest stars in Italy and Hollywood. She co-starred with Clark Gable, Frank Sinatra, Cary Grant, John Wayne, Charlton Heston, etc., etc. Incredibly, her younger sister Maria was married to the youngest son of the "Sawdust Caesar" double!! Even though she starred in several "sword and sandal" epics, she never starred in a movie about the incredible Year of the 4 Emperors!! A dead ringer for Jackie Kennedy, she turned down an offer to play the Pink Panther in Peter Seller's A Shot In The Dark!!

Jackie Kennedy (July 28,1929 – May 19,1994).

Despite the historical fiction of Flavius Josephus, Italian movie producers should have been familiar with Imperial Roman history. There were many roles for women during the chaotic Year of the 4 Emperors.

She could have played the role of Queen Berenice of Cilicia, who was the mistress of General Titus, and almost became Caesar's wife when he assumed the purple in 79 AD.

Roma was first occupied by Emperor Jesus Constantine and his GIANT warriors in 313 AD!!

Emperor Hadrian built a massive wall across Caledonia to keep the GIANTS out of the Empire ....Physical walls cannot keep Satan out because the Gog and Magog giants occupied the very seat of the Caesars in 313 AD. Fortunately, there were no WILD WOMEN WARRIORS like Queen Boudicea among them!

In 313, Emperor Jesus Constantine was recognized as the first "Christian" Emperor by the Roman Senate. This date can be considered as the official beginning of the Papal Roman Empire.

Emperor Jesus Constantine (272–337). Misruled from 306 to 337.

Before he went to Hades in 337, Emperor Jesus Constaintine appointed Julius I as bishop of Roma. It is historical fiction to claim that that any Pope reigned in Roma before that time. Saint Paul established true Christianity in the city of the Caesars, and even his highly redacted biography mentions nothing about Saint Peter in the city of the twins! Pope Julius I can be considered the "Father" of the Papal dynasty!

Pope Julius I (280–352). Pope from 337 to 352.

Julius was appointed by Emperor Jesus Constantine just before he went to Hades. In the little Book sent down from heaven, and published by Saint Martin Luther, the Great Apostasy began about 1260 years before 1517. Here is a timeline of the Papal usurpation beginning in 313.

Beginning	Years	Ending	Year of actual fulfillment
313	1260	1573	1588
606	1260	1866	1870
755	1260	2015	20??

The number 1260 appears frequently in the Book of Daniel and the Apocalypse. It is beyond belief but Hajji Francis of Assisi predicted that all the world would be Muslin by 1260.

September 20th is the 152th anniversary (1870–2022) of the liberation of Roma from the Papal tyranny. A year later, on July 1, 1871, the Italian government moved from Florence to Roma, and the following day King Victor Emmanuel II entered the city.

The Prussian victory over Austria in 1866 prepared the way for the liberation of Roma!

Even though they spoke the same language, Prussia and Austria were bitter rivals. Reactionary Austria was the main pillar of the Papacy, while Prussia was supported by the British East India Company.

In 1858, Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, married Prussian Crown Prince Frederick. They were the parents of the notorious "Dead Head" Kaiser Wilhelm II.

The Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire. That decisive battle took place on July 3, 1866.

Emperor Franz Joseph (1830–1916). Misruled Austria from 1848 to 1916.

Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph took the Syllabus of Errors of Pope Pius IX very seriously. He condemned trains, newspapers, the telegraph, and all human progress as the "work of the devil." The defeated Austrian forces were commanded by General Ludwig von Benedek.

General Ludwig von Benedek (1804–1881).

The Prussians sent several observers to the American Civil War, and they noticed the extensive use of railroads, the telegraph, the Henry and Spencer repeating rifles, and many other innovative war weapons.

Field Marshall Helmuth von Moltke (1800–1891).

Field Marshall Helmuth von Moltke admired the New World innovations in warfare, and he adopted them for the Prussian Army. One of his deadliest adaptations was the use of the breech-loading rapid fire rifle. The Austrians used the obsolete muzzle loading muskets, so they were slaughtered by the Prussians.

The Prussians using their breech-loading rifles at the Battle of Sadowa.

Field Marshall von Molke's nephew by the same name commanded the Prussian army during the invasion of France in 1914. He lost his nerve and transferred an entire division to oppose the Russians. That led to a stalemate, and the bloody slaughter of WWI trench warfare.

Pope Pius IX (1792–1878). Pope from 1846 to 1878.

In July 1870, at the First Vatican Council, Pope Pius IX was declared infallible. In August 1870, Napollyon III declared war on Prussia. In September 1870, Roma was liberated by Italian troops.

Vatican Council I was presided over by Pope Pius IX.

That council was extremely contentious, and the infallibility decree cost a fortune in gold and silver. Any cardinals who proved recalcitrant, and could not be bought, were sent to "St. Peter."

In August 1870, Emperor Napollyon III of France declared war on Prussia

After their decisive victory over Austria, the Prussians felt invincible. France was their only remaining rival in Europe, and Otto von Bismarck cleverly arranged that France would fire the first shot in his next war of conquest.

Emperor Napollyon III (1808–1870). MIsruled from (1852 to 1873).

July 19, 1870, the Franco-Prussian War commenced over a telegram. Napollyon III desperately needed a military victory since his attempted conquest of Mexico turned into a complete disaster. In 1864, Napollyon sent an army to Mexico to install Maximilian of Austria as Emperor of Mexico.

Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898). Chancellor from 1871 to 1890.

France lost thousands of soldiers in a vain attempt install Maximilian and Carlota as Emperor and Empress of Mexico. Napollyon needed a war to distract the people, and regain some of the lost prestige of his country.

Otto von Bismarck was able to maneuver France into firing the first shot of the Franco-Prussian War. Napollyon was confident of victory because he had an alliance with the newly created Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Franz Kohn von Kohnenfeld (1817–1896). Austro-Hungarian minister of war.

In 1867, Emperor Franz Joseph created the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a counterweight to Prussia. Through his minister of war, Franz Kohn von Kohnenfeld, he arranged a military alliance with Napollyon. Czar Alexander II, who had just saved the United States from an invasion by Britain during the Civil War, threatened to mobilize the Russian Army, and as a result, Franz Joseph backed down.

Czar Alexander II (1818–1881). Czar from 1855 to 1881.

Even before the French defeats, the Czar's declared intention of matching any Austrian declaration of war with one of his own had enabled Moltke to summon the three army corps standing along the Austrian frontier to join the armies in the Palatinate. The news of Wissembourg created in Vienna an uneasiness which only victory could have dispelled; and by 10th August the Austrian army had abandoned all the military preparations which it had half-heartedly begun. (Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, p. 120).

As a result of the French defeat, Czar Alexander abrogated the Treaty of Paris which blocked Russian access to the Black Sea.

Prussian cavalry attacking French guns at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour.

The Prussians conducted a blitzkrieg war against France. Within 2 months Paris was surrounded. With the Prussians besieging Paris, French troops were withdrawn from the Papal States, and that was the opportune time for the liberation to commence.

Napollyon III as a prisoner of Bismarck.

Without the participation of the Austrians, France was doomed. The Prussians applied the lessons learned in the American Civil War to all phases of the brief conflict.

General Cadorna led the liberating Italian army into Roma!!

Italian general Raffaele Cadorna led the conquering host into the city of Roma. .

General Raffaele Cadorna (1815–1897).

On September 20, 1870, Italian general Raffaele Cadorna led the liberating army into the city. The French army had withdrawn to fight the Prussians, and the only opposition was the Papal Army and the Swiss Guard.

Porta Pia, showing the holes made by Italian artillery in the liberation of Roma.

Immediately afterward, a PLEBISCITE or VOTE was held to give the Romans a choice between the Papal or Italian governments.

At the time of the liberation, Roma had a population of about 240,000. Immediately afterward, the Italian government organized a popular PLEBISCITE so that the Romans could choose between the Papal or Italian government.

Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza ordered general Cadorna to halt at the Leonine Wall surrounding the Vatican. They were not to be included in the plebiscite. Of course, the 1,500 inhabitants were furious that they were not allowed to vote.

The Leonine Wall surrounding the Vatican.

The liberating army was told to halt at the Leonine Wall. The inhabitants of the Leonine City were furious when they were told that they would not be part of liberated Roma. The insisted on being part of the plebiscite and voted overwhelmingly to be part of Italy.

Map of the Leonine Wall.

135,000 votes were cast in the Roman plebiscite, and the overwhelming majority voted to be part of the kingdom of Italy:

The 1,500 Leonine City inhabitants lived closest to the Papal government; they had an opportunity to observe it up close and personal . . . and they rejected it overwhelmingly!

Giuseppe Garibaldi was the driving force behind the unification of Italy. He yielded the physical sword, while Alessandro (the Great) Gavazzi yielded the spiritual sword.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807– June 2, 1882).

Giuseppe (Joseph) Garibaldi, the "Lion of Caprera," was born on the Fourth of July. As early as 1833, that Italian Hero was forced to flee Italy became Pope Gregory XVI was the sworn enemy of Italian unification. Fiery Alessandro Gavazzi was a 19th century Girolamo Savanarolla, who yielded the spiritual sword against the pretended "Vicar of Christ."

Alessandro (the Great) Gavazzi (1809–1889).

Garibaldi was intensely disappointed that Pope Pius IX was allowed to stay in Roma after the liberation of the city. His fervent wish was permanent retirement for the Papacy.

The Garibaldi monument on the Janiculum Hill.

The Janiculum Hill is the highest point in Roma and the most panoramic view of the city. Many tour operators from the New Jerusalem try to avoid showing it to tourists! That is like visiting Babylon on the Hudson and not viewing the Empire State Building!

King Victor Emmanuel II monument in Roma.

The saga of Roma did not end with the liberation of the city. Many, many attempts were made to regain the lost States. In 1929, "Sawdust Caesar" Benito Mussolini donated a small area in central Roma to the Papacy, and that captive area is now known as Vatican City State.

In 1979, an attempt was made by the Rockefeller-Pentagon-Mafia to divide up Italy one again and restore the Papal States!

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Vital Links

Diabolical Plot to Restore the Papal States Exposed!!	Roma Liberation Telegram	Syllabus of Errors of Pope Pius IX
Mayerling Lodge Murder Mystery Solved!!	Mayerling Lodge Murder Led to WWI	The Munich Murder Led to WWII

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References

Blakiston, Noel. The Roman Question: Extracts from the Dispatches of Odo Russell from Rome 1858–1870. Chapman & Hall, London, 1962.

Cadorna, Luigi, Il generale Raffaele Cadorna nel Resorgimento italiano. Fratelli Treves, Milano,1922.

Dicey, Edward.Victor Emmanuel II. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1882.

Duchesne, Monsignor L. The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes (754–1073). Kegan Paul, Trench, Thübner, & Co., London, 1907.

Forester, B.C. Victor Emmanuel II and the Union of Italy. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, 1927.

Howard, Michael.The Franco-Prussian War. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1962.

Halperin, William S. Italy and the Vatican at War. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 1939.

Hinkley Edyth. Mazzini: The Story of a Great Italian. Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York, 1924.

Kertzer, David I. Prisoner of the Vatican. The Pope's Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston & New York, 2004.

Loren, Sophia. Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: My Life. Atria Books, New York, 2014. ,

Palmer, Alan. Twilight of the Habsburgs. The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Grove Press, New York, 1994.

Smith, Denis. Mack. Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento. Oxford University Press, New York, 1971.

Smith, Denis Mack. Giuseppe Mazzini. Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1994.

Smith, Denis. Mack. Count Camille de Cavour. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1985.

Stock, Leo Francis. Consular Relations Between the United States and the Papal States. (in 2 Volumes), American Catholic Historical Assoc., Washington City, 1945.

Wylie, Rev. J. A. The Awaking of Italy and the Crisis of Rome. U.S. Tract Society, New York, 1866.

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Copyright © 2024 by Patrick Scrivener

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